Inhalable drug delivery systems have revolutionized the treatment of respiratory and systemic diseases by offering precise, localized drug delivery to the lungs. The physiological characteristics of the respiratory system, such as its large surface area and extensive vascularization, make it an ideal site for targeted therapy with minimal systemic side effects. This review explores the evolution of inhalable therapies, from early nebulizers to advanced technologies like dry powder inhalers (DPIs), metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and smart inhalers. It highlights the scientific basis of particle deposition, the influence of lung anatomy, and the role of particle engineering in optimizing drug delivery. Key challenges, such as device-formulation compatibility and patient adherence, are discussed alongside advancements in nanotechnology, controlled-release systems, and receptor-mediated targeting. The review underscores the growing importance of personalized pulmonary therapy and the integration of digital health technologies to improve patient outcomes. Inhalable drug delivery continues to be a promising field with significant clinical implications.

Prodrugs are drugs which are inactive and whose pharmacological effects are enhanced to improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs i.e., their solubility, stability, absorption and target delivery. They are converted into active drug by enzymatic work or chemical transformation in the body overcoming such difficulties as low bioavailability and selective targeting. Prodrugs are categorized according to the conversion location (carrier-linked and bioprecursors) and targets of therapeutic agents (site-specific and transport-targeted). The specific delivery of the drug to the target site of action can be observed under different activation procedures such as enzymatic and different chemical processes. Prodrugs have great potential in personalized medicine, enhancing efficacy and safety of drugs, since the therapies can be directly personalized in response to specific genetic and metabolic characteristics of individuals. Moreover, nanotechnology, enzyme-target, and AI are also advancing in the development of prodrugs, making them more precise. This review examines the mechanisms, uses, and future trends in the design of prodrugs and how those can reshape the development of drugs and enhance clinical outcomes

The pharmaceutical impurity profiling is an important aspect of drug development and quality assurance and the drug development procedure guarantees the safety, effectiveness, and regulatory compliance of pharmaceutical products. This is done through identification, quantification and control of impurities that may develop in the process of synthesizing, formulating or storing the drug substances and products. The different methods of analysis applied in order to detect and identify impurities include chromatographic, spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis with its emphasis laid on the genotoxic compounds, solventing residues, and degradation products. Also, the tools of artificial intelligence (AI) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) are becoming increasingly important in improving impurity finds and monitoring. The regulation agencies such as FDA, EMA and ICH offer strict regulations in such a way that the level of impurities is maintained within acceptable levels so that patient health is not compromised. The review covers the main techniques, procedures and regulatory frameworks applied in the pharmaceutical impurity profiling and the significance of highquality standards in drug development.

Leukemia is a group of hematological malignancies characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, leading to impaired hematopoiesis and immune dysfunction. Conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation have improved survival rates but are often associated with severe adverse effects, drug resistance, and reduced quality of life. This has driven increasing interest in plant-derived phytochemicals as alternative or complementary therapeutic agents. The present review highlights the role of medicinal plants, fruits, and their bioactive compounds in the management of leukemia. Numerous herbs including Catharanthusroseus, Allium sativum, Annonaglabra, Curcuma longa, Withaniasomnifera, and Viscum album have demonstrated significant antileukemic potential through mechanisms such as induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, modulation of mitochondrial pathways, and immune enhancement. These phytochemicals act on multiple molecular targets, offering advantages over single-target chemotherapeutic agents. Overall, the review emphasizes the potential of phytochemicals as safer and effective therapeutic candidates for leukemia, warranting furtherpreclinical and clinical investigations